如图 29 所示，先辨题干要求，再为同意与否、优缺点、问题解决等题型安排论证；下方对照 SWT 与 SST 的输出形式。

![写作题干类型与论证提纲](../images/whiteboard/27-writing-bank-prompt-matrix.png)

*图 29：写作练习题的类型矩阵、远程工作提纲与两类摘要区别。*

:::{note} 题库设计机制与实战训练逻辑
:class: important
本练习库收录了涵盖 12 大学术母题领域的 **25 道经典大作文题目**、**3 篇精选 SWT 文本概括全真短文与满分单句范例**，以及 **1 篇 SST 听力概括示范与对比拆解**。

**切勿死记硬背整篇范文**：在真人专家双重审查机制下，背诵范文等于自杀。请利用本题库训练：
1. 审题破题并确立鲜明立场；
2. 提炼各领域的专业学术搭配词与具体案例；
3. 严格掐表执行 20 分钟（大作文）与 10 分钟（SWT）时间管理。
:::

---

# 第一部分：大作文 25 大高频母题中英对照清单 (Essay Prompts)

### 一、同意与否类 (Agree / Disagree)
1. **Universities should prioritise subjects that lead directly to employment over those with no clear career path. To what extent do you agree?**  
   *【译文】* 大学应当优先开设能直接通往就业的学科，而非那些没有明确职业路径的学科。你在何种程度上同意或不同意？
2. **Governments should be responsible for funding the arts. To what extent do you agree or disagree?**  
   *【译文】* 政府应当承担资助艺术事业的责任。你在何种程度上同意或不同意？
3. **The widespread use of artificial intelligence in the workplace will ultimately benefit employees. Do you agree?**  
   *【译文】* 人工智能在职场的广泛应用最终将使广大雇员受益。你是否同意这一观点？
4. **Public transport should be free in all major cities. To what extent do you agree?**  
   *【译文】* 所有主要城市的大众公共交通都应当完全免费。你在何种程度上同意这一观点？
5. **Standardised examinations are a fair way to assess student ability. How far do you agree?**  
   *【译文】* 标准化考试是评估学生综合能力的公平方式。你在何种程度上同意？
6. **Working from home is better for employees than working in an office. To what extent do you agree?**  
   *【译文】* 居家远程办公对员工而言优于传统的办公室办公。你在何种程度上同意？

### 二、利弊权衡类 (Advantages and Disadvantages)
7. **Many students now study abroad for part of their degree. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this trend.**  
   *【译文】* 许多学生现在选择在攻读学位期间出国留学一段时间。探讨这一趋势的利与弊。
8. **Social media has transformed how people access news. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages.**  
   *【译文】* 社交媒体彻底改变了人们获取新闻的方式。探讨其利与弊。
9. **Increasing numbers of people are choosing to live in cities. Discuss the benefits and drawbacks of urbanisation.**  
   *【译文】* 越来越多的人选择在城市定居。探讨城市化进程的优势与弊端。
10. **Many companies now monitor their employees' computer use. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages.**  
    *【译文】* 许多公司现在对员工的电脑使用行为实施技术监控。探讨这种做法的利与弊。
11. **Tourism is a major source of income for many countries. Discuss its positive and negative effects.**  
    *【译文】* 旅游业是许多国家的主要外汇收入来源。探讨旅游业带来的积极与消极影响。
12. **Some universities now deliver most teaching online. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this approach.**  
    *【译文】* 部分大学现在通过在线形式交付大部分教学内容。探讨该模式的利与弊。

### 三、问题成因与应对举措类 (Problem and Solution)
13. **Obesity rates are rising in many countries. What are the main causes, and what measures could governments take?**  
    *【译文】* 许多国家的肥胖率居高不下。其主要成因是什么，政府可以采取哪些应对举措？
14. **Many cities suffer from severe traffic congestion. What causes this, and what can be done about it?**  
    *【译文】* 许多城市饱受严重交通拥堵之苦。导致该现象的根本原因是什么，应如何解决？
15. **Levels of reported anxiety among young people have increased significantly. What are the causes, and how should society respond?**  
    *【译文】* 年轻人中报告的焦虑水平显著增加。导致该问题的成因是什么，全社会应如何应对？
16. **Many languages are disappearing. Why is this happening, and does it matter?**  
    *【译文】* 许多濒危语言正在逐渐消亡。为什么会出现这种情况，这是否具有严重影响？
17. **Housing has become unaffordable for young people in many cities. What are the causes and what solutions would you propose?**  
    *【译文】* 在许多大城市，住房已变得令年轻人难以负担。成因是什么，你提出何种解决方案？

### 四、双边讨论类 (Two Views)
18. **Some people believe economic growth should be the main priority of government; others argue environmental protection matters more. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.**  
    *【译文】* 有人认为经济增长应是政府的首要任务；其他人则认为环境保护更为重要。探讨双方观点并给出你的个人看法。
19. **Some think children should begin formal education as early as possible; others believe they should play for longer. Discuss both views and give your opinion.**  
    *【译文】* 有人认为儿童应当尽早开始接受正规教育；其他人则认为应该让他们享有更长的玩耍童年。探讨双方观点并给出你的个人看法。
20. **Some argue that scientific research should be publicly funded; others believe private companies should pay for it. Discuss both views and give your opinion.**  
    *【译文】* 有人认为科学研究应由公共财政资助；其他人则认为私营企业应承担研发费用。探讨双方观点并给出个人看法。
21. **Some people believe technology makes us more isolated; others think it connects us. Discuss both views and give your opinion.**  
    *【译文】* 有人认为科技使人与人之间更加孤立；其他人则认为科技让人类联系更紧密。探讨双方观点并给出个人看法。

### 五、成因与深远影响类 (Causes and Effects)
22. **The number of people living alone is increasing in many countries. What are the causes, and what effects does this have on society?**  
    *【译文】* 独居人口数量在许多国家呈上升态势。成因是什么，对社会产生何种深远影响？
23. **Many young people are leaving rural areas for cities. What causes this migration and what are its consequences?**  
    *【译文】* 许多年轻人口正离开乡村涌入大城市。这种人口迁移的诱因是什么，会引发什么后果？
24. **Average life expectancy has risen substantially over the last century. What has caused this, and what are its implications?**  
    *【译文】* 上个世纪人类的平均预期寿命大幅提升。成因是什么，对社会带来何种深层影响？
25. **Consumption of meat has fallen in several wealthy countries. What are the reasons, and what effects might this have?**  
    *【译文】* 肉类消费量在部分富裕国家出现下降。原因何在，这可能会产生什么效应？

---

## 官方满分大作文示范与七大特质批注 (Full Model Essay)

**【考场题目】** *Some people believe that economic growth should be the main priority of government, while others argue that environmental protection matters more. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.*

**【满分范文 (精准 267 词，标准四段式)】**

> **[开头段 Introduction — 48 词]**  
> The question of whether governments should prioritise economic growth or environmental protection has become increasingly urgent as the costs of climate change become clearer. While some argue that prosperity must come first because it funds everything else, I believe the two goals are less opposed than this framing suggests, and that environmental protection should now take precedence.
> 
> **[正文一段 Body 1 — 85 词]**  
> The case for prioritising growth is genuinely strong. Economic expansion generates the tax revenue that pays for healthcare, education and infrastructure, and it is difficult to persuade people to accept environmental restrictions when their incomes are falling. In my own country, proposals to raise fuel duty were abandoned after widespread protests from drivers on low incomes. This suggests that environmental policy without economic security is politically fragile, and that growth is a precondition for sustained action rather than an obstacle to it.
> 
> **[正文二段 Body 2 — 88 词]**  
> However, this argument underestimates how irreversible environmental damage is. A recession can be recovered from within a decade; a collapsed fishery or a lost species cannot. Moreover, the assumption that the two goals conflict is increasingly outdated, because renewable energy is now cheaper than coal in most markets and employs more people per unit of electricity generated. It is true that transition imposes real costs on particular industries and regions; nevertheless, those costs are far smaller than the cost of adapting to three degrees of warming.
> 
> **[结尾段 Conclusion — 46 词]**  
> In conclusion, although economic security is a legitimate concern and a practical prerequisite for public consent, the evidence points toward prioritising environmental protection, principally because environmental damage is irreversible while economic setbacks are not, and because the supposed trade-off between the two is narrowing.

### 范文深度拆解：为什么七项特质能够全线打满？

- **Content (内容度)**：完整响应“讨论双方 + 给出明确个人立场”，论证环环相扣，绝无偏题。
- **Form (字数格式)**：**267 词** —— 处于 240–280 词满分黄金中轴线上。
- **DSC (逻辑结构)**：标准四段式，段间空行；正文各段遵循“主题句 ➔ 机制推演 ➔ 真实案例 (fuel duty) ➔ 回扣中心”。
- **GLR (语言广度)**：状语从句起头 (*While some argue...*)、定语从句 (*that pays for...*)、短小精炼句 (*A recession can be recovered...*) 灵活穿插。
- **Vocabulary (学术词汇)**：高密度学术搭配：*tax revenue, infrastructure, fuel duty, irreversible, renewable energy, adaptation*。
- **Spelling (拼写规范)**：全篇严格使用英式拼写 (*prioritise*)。
- **骨架占比仅 15%**：纯功能连接词约 40 词，其余 85% 均为围绕题目的原创论述，安全通过真人专家抽检！

---

# 第二部分：概括文本 (SWT) 3 篇全真短文与满分单句解析

**【格式硬死线复习】**：有且仅有 **1 句话**，字数严格在 **5–75 词**（安全目标 **30–40 词**），限时 10 分钟。

### 短文一：大城市聚集效应与隐性知识 (246 词)

> For most of the twentieth century, the dominant view among economists was that cities would gradually lose their importance. As transport and communication costs fell, the logic ran, firms would have less reason to cluster in expensive urban centres, and economic activity would disperse across cheaper regions. The arrival of the internet seemed to confirm this prediction: if information could travel instantly and at no cost, physical proximity should cease to matter.
> 
> The opposite happened. Since 1990 the largest cities in developed economies have grown faster than their national averages, and the wage premium for working in a major city has increased rather than fallen. The explanation appears to lie in the kind of work that now dominates advanced economies. Routine manufacturing can indeed be relocated to wherever land and labour are cheapest. But the work that generates the highest returns — research, design, finance, software development — depends on the rapid exchange of tacit knowledge, the sort that is difficult to write down and therefore difficult to transmit electronically.
> 
> This kind of knowledge moves most effectively through informal, unplanned contact: a conversation at a conference, an overheard problem, a colleague who happens to have solved something similar. Density makes such encounters more frequent, and frequency appears to matter more than cost. The result is a striking paradox. The technologies that were expected to make location irrelevant have instead increased the value of being in the right place, and have done so precisely because they handle explicit information so well that only tacit knowledge remains scarce.

- **【满分单句范例 (精准 39 词)】**
  > "Although falling transport and communication costs were expected to disperse economic activity away from cities, major cities have instead grown faster and their wage premiums have risen, because high-value work depends on the tacit knowledge that only physical density transmits efficiently."
- **【中文参考译文】** 尽管运输和通信成本的下降曾被预计会将经济活动分散出城市，但主要大城市的增长速度反而更快，其工资溢价也有所上升，因为高价值工作依赖于只有物理密度才能高效传播的隐性知识。
- **【精妙之处】** 采用经典 **Pattern 1** (*Although... because...*)；涵盖原先预期、真实反常现象与根本原因三要素；保留学术术语 *tacit knowledge*，彻底剔除具体的制造业、互联网与会议举例。

---

### 短文二：抗生素耐药性与研发市场失灵 (238 词)

> Antibiotic resistance is often described as an emerging threat, but it is better understood as an inevitable consequence of antibiotic use. Bacterial populations are large, reproduce quickly, and vary genetically; when an antibiotic is applied, the few organisms that happen to carry a resistant variant survive and multiply. This is not a failure of the drug but a straightforward demonstration of natural selection operating on a timescale short enough to observe directly.
> 
> What makes the problem urgent is not the existence of resistance but its rate of accumulation relative to the rate at which new antibiotics are developed. Between 1940 and 1970, pharmaceutical companies introduced more than twenty structurally distinct classes of antibiotic. Since 1987, almost none have reached the market. The reasons are largely economic: a new antibiotic is typically reserved for difficult cases, used for short courses, and withdrawn from general use to preserve its effectiveness — a commercial profile that makes it among the least attractive products a pharmaceutical company can develop.
> 
> Proposals to address this gap therefore focus less on the science than on the incentives. Some economists have suggested decoupling a drug's revenue from its sales volume, paying developers a fixed sum for bringing an effective antibiotic to market regardless of how little it is subsequently used. Others favour extending patent protection on unrelated products as a reward. Both approaches accept the same underlying diagnosis: that the shortage of new antibiotics is a market failure rather than a scientific one.

- **【满分单句范例 (精准 36 词)】**
  > "Antibiotic resistance is an unavoidable product of natural selection, but it has become urgent because the commercially unattractive profile of new antibiotics has halted their development, leading to proposals that would reward developers independently of sales volume."
- **【中文参考译文】** 抗生素耐药性是自然选择不可避免的产物，但该问题已变得极为紧迫，因为新抗生素在商业上缺乏吸引力导致了其研发停滞，从而引发了主张无论实际销量如何均给予研发者固定奖励的提案。
- **【精妙之处】** 抓住核心逻辑：自然必然性 ➔ 商业研发停滞 ➔ 激励机制改革。

---

### 短文三：成年哺乳动物神经元再生争议 (229 词)

> The idea that human beings have a fixed number of brain cells which can only decline was accepted as settled fact for most of the twentieth century. Textbooks stated plainly that neurogenesis — the generation of new neurons — ceased shortly after birth in mammals. The claim had considerable intuitive appeal, since it seemed to explain why damage to the adult brain is so often permanent.
> 
> Evidence against it accumulated slowly and was initially resisted. Studies in the 1960s reported dividing cells in the brains of adult rats, but the techniques available could not establish that the new cells were functioning neurons rather than supporting tissue. Only in the 1990s, when it became possible to label dividing cells and then test their electrical properties, was adult neurogenesis confirmed, first in rodents and later in humans, in two specific regions: the hippocampus and the olfactory system.
> 
> The practical significance of this finding remains disputed. The number of new neurons produced in the adult human hippocampus is small, and some researchers argue that it declines to negligible levels by middle age. Others point to evidence that the rate responds to exercise, stress and environmental complexity, which would make it a plausible mechanism linking lifestyle to cognitive decline. What is no longer in doubt is that the adult brain is structurally less fixed than the textbooks of fifty years ago maintained.

- **【满分单句范例 (精准 37 词)】**
  > "The long-standing belief that adult mammals produce no new neurons was overturned in the 1990s when improved techniques confirmed neurogenesis in two brain regions, although researchers continue to disagree about whether its limited scale has practical significance."
- **【中文参考译文】** 长期以来认为成年哺乳动物不再产生新神经元的信念在二十世纪九十年代被推翻，当时改进的技术证实了大脑两个区域中存在神经元新生，尽管研究人员对其有限的规模是否具有实际意义仍存分歧。
- **【精妙之处】** 采用 **Pattern 3** (*Belief was overturned... when..., although...*)；清晰交代旧观念被推翻与当下的科学分歧，剔除大鼠实验与具体解剖结构细节。

---

# 第三部分：听力文本概括 (SST) 示范与对比

**【格式硬死线复习】**：**50–70 词**（安全锁定 **55–65 词**），**允许且推荐写成 2–3 个句子**，限时 10 分钟。

以短文一（大城市聚集效应）作为听力音频的范例：

- **【满分 SST 范文 (精准 59 词，3 个完整句子)】**
  > "The speaker discussed why major cities have become more important rather than less in modern advanced economies. While economists originally predicted that falling communication costs would disperse economic activity, major cities have actually grown faster and wage premiums have increased. The speaker explained that this occurs because high-value work relies heavily on tacit knowledge, which is shared effectively only through dense, physical contact."

:::{tip} 深刻体会 SWT 与 SST 的核心区别
- **SWT (阅读文本概括)**：受限于 **只能写 1 句话** 的铁律，必须使用复杂的复合从句进行强行缝合，不能夹带 "The author said" 等废话；
- **SST (听力文本概括)**：**分成 2–3 句话** 表达极其自然，必须明确交代讲座属性（如 *"The speaker discussed..."*），篇幅也比 SWT 充沛 20 个词左右！
:::